Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters in the City

Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters in the City Towns are and were always associated with trade and power[R1]. Although towns as well as humans have to develop. They were formed and shaped by numbers of various factors. This essay would show how have public health and safety matters in the past influenced the invention of the city? One of the very first and obvious that come to mind are strict British fire regulations, clearly and rightly linked by most to the Great Fire of London. In its history London as a city had great amounts of fires in its account.One of first severe recorded fires of London happened in 1135. It put down most of the city between St Pauls and St Clement Danes in Westminster as well as famous London Bridge. â€Å"Little wonder London suffered from fires: housing and commercial premises existed together; a Norman law banned house fires after dark, but was probably ignored; buildings were largely made of wood and thatch; and no organised fire brigade existed.†(The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212, n.d.). It took well over 70 years and another huge fire, on 12th July 1212. This fire and figure of 3000 deaths, still appears in the Guinness Book of Records, even though perhaps exaggerated. Those fires caused people to consider about building rules. In effect ‘legisla tions’ as well as methods to abide them were introduced. Primitive and very first form of fire protection was something as simple as banning thatched roofs in entire London. By its first mayor Henry Fitzailwin. He also signed a document saying: â€Å"Complaints about building nuisances could be brought by one neighbour against another. The mayor and aldermen settled such cases in a court called the Assize of Nuisance†. Judgements were advised by appointed masons and carpenters. (History of Building Regulations in the British Isles, 2014) Other British cities started follow London’s lead. The actual turning point in building history was fire of 1666.[R2] Fire known as the Great Fire of London started in the bakery on Pudding Lane and very soon started spreading west reaching beyond Roman city walls. On 4th September wind direction changed, it headed and almost reached the Tower of London. During the firefighting process â€Å"King Charles II personally helped fight the fire. He lifted buckets of water and threw money to reward people who stayed to fight the flames.†(Museum of London Frequently asked questions, n.d.) Quenching the fire is considered to have been successful due two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create firebreaks, and stop further spread eastward. (Great Fire of London Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, n.d.). It’s believed that as a consequence of this fire 80% of capital was burned to the ground. Inevitably disaster of this scale couldn’t happen again. Therefore London Rebuilding Act of 1667 was introduced.[R3] This document created foundations of city/master planning as well as some other areas of modern building regulations. Was the very first to specify how city planning was to be regulated (i.e. Certain streets need to be wider depending on intensity and purpose of use). It was describing what matters and how they should be resolved by judges. Also specifying thickness and location of walls, including party walls. It introduced the idea of the commission designing cityscape as well as commission to approve location and shape, as well as materials used in new buildings. All buildings from that point onwards were to be built of brick or stone. It also regulated minor issues like precipitation management, maximum overhangs, which previously were making already narrow streets even narrower and tighter. That was introduction to the idea of more pleasant cities, even though done for practical reasons. Some more health and safety rules were issued. [R4] Even though this law was extremely precise for that time. It was written by local government of London and was to be obeyed only during rebuilding of the city. As effect of that British Isles were left without public law. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard initiated â€Å"The Garden City Movement†. Garden cities were designed and intended to be self-contained, self-sufficient communities. Separated and surrounded by tracks of open, green areas. Taking inspiration and trying to make a utopian dream of Sir Thomas More come truth. Howard’s idealise garden city was using clear zoning system. Keeping residential and industrial development areas separate, allowed â€Å"smokeless† idea of the city to develop. They would be populated by 32000 people on around 6000 acres (2400 ha). Planned in concentric circles, when fully populated another garden city would develop nearby. Several of these would be clustered ‘orbiting’ around the central city (populated by 50000 people ). [R5]â€Å"The Garden City Association set itself the ambitious task of developing a first garden city. Work on the chosen site at Letchworth began in 1903 and by 1914 it housed 9,000 inhabitants.†(The birth of town planning UK Parliament, n.d.) Letchworth was very innovative and successful, it populated 33500 people. It was possibly impractical to use concentric plan, although principles were kept. Letchworth introduced roundabout (1909) and was very first example of ‘green belt’. This project didn’t require authorising legislations, although it was inspirational to â€Å"garden suburbs†. These were first introduced in Hampstead. Endorsed by Parliament in 1906, in what has been called â€Å"Hampstead Garden Suburb Act[R6]†. This document legislated that distance between the two houses on opposite sides of the road, were to be not less than 50 feet (15.24m) apart. And that there should be no more than 8 houses per acre (4046.9m2). [R7] ‘Back-to-back’ houses, so popular in industrial Victorian developments. During the industrial revolution â€Å"great influx of workers and their families into the rapidly industrialised towns during the 1800s, this number increased massively and the problems of over-population became disastrous†(Public Health History of medicine, n.d.). This was revealed by the report of Liverpools first medical officer of health (Dr Duncan). It stated that – third of the citys population lived on earth floored cellars of back to back houses. (The birth of town planning UK Parliament, n.d.) Without any ventilation and sanitation with as many as 16 people living in one room, these were surely not what those cellars were designed for and what they could withstand. They were made illegal in 1909 due to Housing and Town Planning Act, as there was concern that it could be the starter of the new chain reaction effect of plague for example similar in effect to London’s Gr eat Fire. [R8] Letchworth and Hampstead was the main inspiration for that 1909 Act. It also took inspiration of garden city movement principles. Not a surprise that the Garden City Association actively lobbied for it. This also encouraged to use ‘Garden City’ principles. Leading the way to the more enjoyable urban environment and more flexibility in terms of design. This act obligated local authorities to use town planning, and control building standards. Specified the job of local governments on what they can and can’t do. The new law formed the guide on how to plan cities and how to build safely. It also specified land law, how and where working class housing should be built. Also, considering health and safety of citizens and future residents, which could be named as a form of sustainable design.[R9] As earlier mentioned planning law has been changing and adapting for past years. Even though fire regulations in the UK are possibly one of the strictest in Europe. As statistics show there is a lot of improvement to be made. World of planning needs people like Ebenezer Howard, idealist and dreamers that design, plan and improve urban and world environment – in effect making world more enjoyable. In modern cities main perplexity are sustainability and public health. It’s not easy to decrease obesity and other so called civilization diseases. The rate of these could be lowered by eliminating factors that do or may cause it. The main ones being: lack of physical activity, unnatural/unhealthy diet, polluted air and some more (Diseases of modern civilisation — Frank Fenner Foundation, n.d.). These may and should be considered at design stage. To improve physical activity. It’s necessary to increase the amount of public transport used, as well as increase amoun t of playgrounds. Enhancing physical activity from early years, followed by footpaths, parks or other green areas. Obviously there is very little designer or architect can do about human diet. Nevertheless, what could be done is to design green markets into town scape. These would make fresh, naturally grown, healthy fruits/vegetables effortlessly accessible. Another in theory inaccessible area for urban planners is air pollution, as we can’t actively decrease pollution. Already Ebenezer Howard has suggested to use town zoning to move industrial expansion out on the peripheries of towns. In the long term this would decrease the amount of polluted air in towns, by distributing it more evenly across open areas, and most likely lower the urban island effect. All of those examples show how past events were effecting town planning. It proves that there is a set of ingredients and stimuli. They all effect planning law and planning methods. Urban environment is always changing and it is hard to design it well. This is why there are groups of urban planners, architects, designers and others working to improve the design of towns. This has been changing for hundreds, or even thousands of years, and they would be. Changes are inevitable, what is now countryside in 10 years, or even less could be new suburbs. This should stimulate designers and visionaries to improve inner urban scape, resolve current and anticipate future issues and address them today. References BBC History British History in depth: London After the Great Fire (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 26th December 2014] http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_01.shtml. ‘Building Regulations David Watkins.pdf’ (n.d.). Diseases of modern civilisation — Frank Fenner Foundation (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 1st January 2015] http://www.natsoc.org.au/our-projects/biosensitivefutures/part-4-facts-and-principles/human-health-issues/diseases-of-modern-civilisation. English Historical Fiction Authors: Changing the Face of London the Great Fire of 1666 (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 26th December 2014] http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/changing-face-of-london-great-fire-of.html. Great Fire of London Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London. Handbook to the Housing and Town Planning Act, (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] https://archive.org/stream/handbooktohousin00thom#page/n1/mode/2up. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles (2014). [Online] [Accessed on 14th December 2014] http://www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 26th December 2014] http://www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. Housing, town planning, etc., act, 1909; a prac (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] https://archive.org/stream/housingtownplann00bent#page/n5/mode/2up. London Fire Brigade The Great Fire of London (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 26th December 2014] http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/great-fire-of-london.asp. Museum of London Frequently asked questions (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 26th December 2014] http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/FAQ/. Museum of London The 1667 Rebuilding Act (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/Themes/1405/1408/Page1.htm. Public Health History of medicine (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 29th December 2014] http://www.priory.com/history_of_medicine/public_health.htm. Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 Fire of London (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] http://www.pepys.info/fire.html. The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212 (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 27th December 2014] http://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=1019. The birth of town planning UK Parliament (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 28th December 2014] http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/. The Geneva Association (2014) ‘World Fire Statistics.’ The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906 (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed on 28th December 2014] http://www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html. [R1]Emersion of towns [R2]Fire of 1135 and predominantly 1212 [R3]Great fire of London [R4]London rebuilding act [R5]The garden city movement [R6]http://www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html [R7]Letchworth and Hampstead Garden Suburb Act [R8]Back to back houses and their banister [R9]A bit about 1909 act

Howl :: Howl

Howl   Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl," has long been attacked as obscene for its graphic imagery and language. It includes shadowed symbolism, but also direct references to oral and anal sex, homosexuality, and drug use. However, according to Roth v. the United States (1957), "unless the book is entirely lacking in 'social importance', it cannot be held as 'obscene'." Only works with no redeeming social value may be banned on the grounds of their being obscene; any piece of writing with social value is protected by the first amendment to the Constitution.    By this definition, it is impossible to consider "Howl" obscene. Declared by literary experts to be "social criticism... a literary work that hurled ideological accusation after accusation against American society," "Howl" is not obscenity - the vulgar terms Ginsberg uses are intended to convey the meaning of the poem; they give insight to his life and his view of the world. The course language is used to portray the nightmarish world depicted by the poem, and though the author could have used other terms they would not have been as effective. "Howl" is effective in large part because it conveys violent emotions, and its vulgarity elicits an emotional response from the reader; obscenity is used to make a point, and not for its own sake.    Twice Ginsberg's book Howl and Other Poems, which contains "Howl", has been confiscated from bookstores with the claim that the book was not suitable for children. However, the City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, from which copies of the book were seized, did not carry books for children. "Howl" is certainly not appropriate for children, but no one has ever claimed otherwise. Howl and Other Poems was not being marketed for children, or as a children's book. If all works that contained material deemed inappropriate for children were removed from the shelves, the vast majority of what we consider

My Philosophy of Nursing Essay

Philosophy is defined as the study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge; embracing and seeking wisdom through reason and the logical presentation of ideas. This concept, I believe, is to strip an idea down to its fundamental basis or theory, analyzing cause rather than effect, then through investigation and exercise, begin to find understanding. When this concept is applied to an existing practice, all parties benefit from an equal and larger pool of knowledge. As a nurse, I see firsthand how philosophy applies to my profession. How do we define nursing as a practice? After reviewing many journals and textbooks, I found one statement that defines nursing as I see it. Ramona T. Mercer, who is known for her Maternal Role Attainment theory, states that the three major foci for nursing are, â€Å"health promotion and prevention of illness, providing care for those who need professional assistance to achieve their optimal level of health and functionin g, and research to enhance the knowledge base for providing excellent nursing care. † (Alligood, 2009, p.586) I believe that these three applications stem from the following ideals: family values, happiness, sense of accomplishment, honesty, and responsibility. In order to succeed at these applications, there must be a balance between practice and concern. There are three major branches of philosophy, natural philosophy, metaphysical philosophy, and moral philosophy. When speaking of nursing philosophy, it is the moral aspect that comes into play most, driving guiding and defining the practice. This paper will address the theme of the Philosophy of Nursing. I will define nursing as a whole and discuss its primary goals, discuss the aspect of nursing as an art or science, and introduce theory and how it pertains to the philosophy of  nursing. I will then discuss how this philosophy relates to me, how my morals and ethics are shaped by not only knowledge, but belief as well. Primary Goal of Nursing Nursing is a profession steeped in rich values based on the work of Florence Nightingale. This profession has not degraded over time due to the character of the individuals that commit to this career. It is reasonable to think that each of us chose nursing because of some key beliefs or values that we possessed. These values and beliefs ultimately guide us in formulating our own definition of nursing and what we believe to be its primary goal. Friberg (2011) related to this quote from Florence Nightingale (1860) â€Å"put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him†. This essence of nursing practice continues to be reflected in contemporary nursing. My personal goal in nursing is to give the greatest care with the best of my ability to a patient and his family. To do this, I make a commitment on my part to keep myself up to date with new technologies, evidence-based research, and new protocols, and, to trust in my moral philosophy and beliefs in order to put t hese tools to best use. Nursing is an Art and a Science Scholars have debated for years over the perception of nursing as an art or a science. Those closer to the field see nursing more as an art form; working through medium, process, and product. Those who look at nursing from the outside, however, tend to view nursing more of a science; practice through systematized knowledge and exercise. For much of the history of nursing, the argument has stemmed from the idea of which practice is most beneficial. First, let’s address nursing as an art. The pioneer’s theorists such as Florence Nightingale are referenced as practicing the art of nursing as it pertains to compassion, feelings, trust, and performing tasks with skills. Each of these ideal is a foundation to the next; without caring the nurse cannot connect with the patient, if the nurse cannot connect, trust will not develop, without this trusting relationship, therapeutic nursing cannot take place. Therefore, caring is at the center of all-successful nursing encounters. In her book Novice to Expert Benner states, â€Å"One way to separate the instrumental and expressive aspects of  nursing is to regulate caring as the art of nursing (Benner, 1984, 170). Also, the art of nursing is the ability to form trusting relationships, perform procedures skillfully, prescribe appropriate treatments, and morally conduct nursing practice (Johnson, 1994). As important as the art is, however, it relies on the science to guide it; as a hand guides a brush to canvass. Now, let’s address nursing as a science. The nurse should have knowledge in biology, chemistry, pathology and current guidelines for pharmacological therapy. This is an ever-changing body on knowledge. Science also encompasses the skill required to perform technical tasks. Benner’s Novice to Expert model explains the science behind skill acquisition. As nurses we are all on a continuum to achieve â€Å"expert† in each of the seven domains of competencies. Science makes up the foundation for current practices exercised in nursing. It shapes and drives this practice through knowledge, understanding and technology. However, the science of nursing can only be applied through the art of the practice; especially in a field where case are seldom similar. I believe that, in order to be a successful nurse, one must be able to provide the â€Å"art† of caring through form, as well as continuing to obtain knowledge, or â€Å"science†, through function. The balance of these two styles is essential to providing optimal treatment; each encourages the other. Roles that Theory plays in my BN Nursing Practice The study of existing theories provides framework and guidelines for the nursing field; and it has since as far back as Florence Nightingale in 1850’s. Each of the many theories, as taught in the Bachelor of Nursing program, has something different to contribute to nursing, depending on which area of health care it is applied to. That is not to say that we, as nurses today, cannot think outside of the boundaries of these theories; technological advancement, scientific breakthroughs, and persistent research are ever-changing the way we understand our practice. Theory should be used as the groundwork of which all other teachings are built upon; by studying the past, we are more prepared for the future. The foundation of nursing theories is based on knowledge which is gained through four ways of knowing: empiric, ethics, esthetics, and personal, according to Carper (1978). By building upon the fundamentals learned from obtaining a nursing diploma, my  undergraduate education in nursing (BN) gives me the additional tools necessary to establish my nursing practice. Through the study of established methods and practical training (empirically and esthetically), I have laid a strong foundation for practice and exercise. Through observation and experience (ethically and personally), I continually expand my critical thinking and improve ability with my newly acquired knowledge. Once these theories are established, we use reasoning to be able to formulate them into research, practice, and philosophies. The three most common methods of reasoning are deductive, inductive, and abductive as stated by Johnson (2010). For most of my nursing career, I have relied on abductive reasoning and intuition, as I have worked in varied intensive care units. Because circumstances vary greatly from patient to patient and case to case, we can never assume an outcome based solely on previous situations. It is in these experiences where common theories are shaped into our personal philosophies. Nursing Practice as it relates to my philosophy? As I research this paper, I reflect back with a fresh perspective on the nursing theorist past and present. Having been a nurse for many years now, I find that my views and beliefs I held at the beginning of my career differ greatly from those I keep today; whereas early on I supposed that nursing was primarily based on assessment and exercise, now I find that personal values and belief are just as important as practice. Teachers and mentors established a base for nursing philosophy; however, my experiences, both good and bad, have helped shaped my own. I have come to understand and relate to Florence Nightingale’s approach to nursing, placing caring at the center of all practice. My philosophy is based on key values that place care of the patient foremost: honesty, trust, empathy, advocating, education, observation, and responsibility. Honesty, trust and empathy are important for me to be able to establish a relationship with the patient. Education and observation are importa nt in be able to provide the best care available; and in worst case scenarios, providing comfort. Advocating is important when the patient is not able to speak for themselves. And finally, we have responsibility. Responsibility drives me to be ever improving and learning so that I can be assured of providing the best possible care. All of which are reliant on the others. Having 22 years of  intensive care experience taught me a great deal about myself. There were situations where I felt extremely vulnerable and ineffective, such as dealing with aggressive or confused patients that basically rendered me emotionally distraught for some time after the events. In that situation, I needed to learn coping mechanisms to deal with the situations or needed the support of my colleagues to trade with me or help me when those times got tough. We all need to support and help each other get through our tough days. Ethical issues are a current component of health care. A sound personal nursing philosophy is required to deal compassionately and comfortably with issues such as medical futility, allocation of resources, withdrawal of treatment, use of restraints, caring for homeless people, etc. This also means that we are consummate advocates for the patient and willing to speak up when we do not feel the environment is as safe as it can be. For me, investigation and development of my own nursing philosophy is a prerequisite for a meaningful life and a fulfilling career in nursing. I believe we should be our patient advocate, especially in the intensive care unit where the patients are very vulnerable, and unable to speak because they are sedated, unconscious, or intubated. I face challenges every day at work to the best care I can give to my patients. On one of those days, I was taking care of an elderly patient who had been hospitalized in the ICU for a prolonged stay and she was on life support. Her condition was not improving and the family was asked to make a decision about withdrawal of treatment, but the family was afraid of the guilt and responsibility for her death. This family needed reassurance that everything had been done to improve the patient‘s conditio n but with no success. I sat down with them to explained what withdrawal of treatment meant. After our discussion, the family understood that by removing the machines, we were allowing natural death to occur. This was the key decision factor because they originally thought they were killing the patient by removing the life support. After our discussion, the family agreed to remove life support and to initiate comfort measure. I believe everyone is entitled to quality of life and when we have exhausted all possible treatment, remove life support while keeping the patient comfortable. Personal experience is a very important influence in developing one’s philosophy of nursing. It adds diversity to known ideals which, in turn, increases the collective knowledge pool and improves  nursing as a whole. But, however great the benefits might be, each philosophy must still adhere to the practice standards of their work place, and the regulations set by their nursing order. I believe my philosophy of nursing clarifies the requirements in knowledge, human values, and technical skills so they can be organized, analyzed and evaluated. Throughout my career, I have constantly been evolving my philosophy. Each case, each patient, each experience, all contributing insight to who I am and what kind of nurse I want to be. Through it all, though, the one nursing theory that I relate to the most and the keystone of my nursing philosophy, is listed by Dr. Moyra Allen (1987) in the McGill model; health, family, collaboration, and learning. At the beginning of my career, I was working at Royal Victoria Hospital which is now part of the McGill University Health Center. I remember using a primary nursing care concept. It is basically continuity of care; same nurses are assigned patients from their admission to their discharge. It gave the nurse an opportunity to participate with the multidiscipline team about the patient’s care, and incorporate the family. I have always believed that that family needs to be incorporated into our care of patients. Too many times, I have seen nurses go in and out of patient’s room without interacting with the family or ignoring them. Families are a big part of the McGill model and in my own nursing practice. Conclusion My philosophy of nursing takes into consideration the elements of nursing practice which are the beneficiaries of care, their family, health/illness, and the society around them. It shapes my life and drives my daily experience as I interact with my family, strangers, my environment, and society around me. As our knowledge increases our philosophy grows; the two becoming tightly woven about one another and becoming ultimately inseparable. It is very difficult to face the demands of caring for people from day to day without the solid foundation of a personal philosophy. We are more effective in anything that we do when we understand ourselves, the way we think, and where our values are in reference to others as well as our personal strengths and limitations. This paper provided a different and valuable perspective for reinterpreting my knowledge on concepts, theories, and philosophy in nursing. It was interesting to document my journey as I  reflected on my philosophy of nursing and my career as an intensive care nurse. Our own values and beliefs must be clarified in order to authentically respond to the health care needs of our patients and to society as a whole. The main reason I chose this profession was because of the endless possibilities that are available to care for people. As an ICU nurse, my duties entails patient and family care, educating and mentoring new and fellow nurses, and assisting with policy and procedures. We need to rid society of the totally false dichotomy that nurses are either highly educated or caring. References Alligood, M. R. & Tomey, A. M. (2009). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (7th Edition). Maryland Heights, MI: Mosby Elsevier. Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: excellence and power in clinical nursing practice (2nd edition). Menlo Park, CA: Addison – Wesley. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. K., & Walton, N. A. (2010). Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing (1st Canadian edition). Toronto, ON: Nelson. Darbyshire, P. (1999). Nursing, art and science: Revisiting the Two Cultures International Journal of Nursing Practice. 5: 123–131. Friberg, E. & Creasia, J. L. (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice (5th Edition). St-Louis, MI: Mosby. p. 49. Johnson, J. L. (1994). A Dialectical Examination of Nursing Art. Advance in Nursing Science. 17(1), 1-14. Johnson, B. M. & Webber, P. B. (2010). An Introduction to Theory and Reasoning in Nursing (3rd Edition). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins. Michalis, R. (2 002). Nursing as an art. ICUs and Nursing Web Journal, 9. Tourville, C. & Ingalls, K. (2003). The living tree of nursing theories. Nursing Forum. 38(2), 21-36. Zander, P. E. (2007). Ways of knowing in nursing: The historical evolution of the concept. Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 11(1), 7-11.

The Restoration of Moral Order in Hamlet - 1683 Words

The Restoration of Moral Order in Hamlet The fabric of every society relies on a set of laws, morals and ethics. When these aspects of a good society are corrupted, disorder ensues. A play which examines the result of a corrupted state is William Shakespeares play Hamlet. The audience immediately witnesses the corrupted nature of the play when early on in the story a character observes, Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.(1.4. 99) In the Elizabethan era it was believed the king was directly appointed by God. This is known as the divine right of kings. When the divine order of kings is broken by unlawful means, the natural order is ruined, and this leads to a state if corruption. The moral order is upset when the king, Old†¦show more content†¦Upon taking over Denmark, Fortinbras ensures that Hamlets honorability is recognized, by giving him a royal burial. Once noticing that Hamlet dead, Fortinbras instructs, Let four captains Bear Hamlet like a soldiers to the stage, For he was likely, had he been put on, To have proved most royally. And for his passage, The soldiers music and the rites of war Speak loudly for him. (5. 2. 419-424) A proper burial is significant because Hamlet is recognized as a hero, rather then an insane killer. The audience feels pathos for Hamlet because of all the struggles he has been through, and also because it seems as if everyone was plotting against him. The audience feels relieved that Hamlet, who is one of the only good characters, is remembered as a hero, rather then forgotten by Fortinbras. Therefore Justice for the audience is served because Hamlet is given a royal burial at the conclusion of the play, and is remembered as a hero. This leads to moral order further being resorted in the play. In order for justice to be fully served, not only must the audience get what they want, but also justice must be served in the play, amongst the character. Therefore all the evil, and corrupted characters must be brought to justice for the wrongful deeds that they carried out throughout the play. In the final duel scene, justice is finally complete when Claudius is poisoned by Hamlet. Claudius is the most corrupt, and evil characterShow MoreRelatedThe Human Condition and Ideologies in Hamlet by Willliam Shakespeare1522 Words   |  7 Pages Hamlet Texts reflect their context and paradigms but transcendental texts that explore aspects of humanity can resonate through time and remain relevant and accessible to audiences. William Shakespeare’s introspective play, Hamlet, explores the complexity of the human condition by reflecting ideologies such as justice, loyalty and morality. 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These answers, it need hardly be said, cannot be precise and absolute, since Shakespeare s plays, like life, never allow us the delusion of perfectRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pages5.1  Ambition * 5.2  Masculinity * 6  Analysis * 6.1  As a tragedy of character * 6.2  As a tragedy of moral order * 6.3  As a poetic tragedy * 6.4  Witchcraft and evil * 7  Superstition and the Scottish play * 8  Legacy * 8.1  Performance history * 8.1.1  Shakespeare s Day to the Interregnum * 8.1.2  Restoration and Eighteenth Century * 8.1.3  Nineteenth Century * 8.1.4  Twentieth Century to Present * 8.2  Screen Read MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Authenticity3166 Words   |  13 PagesStanley who shared an interest in theatre and was involved with his own acting company. Some poems from the late 1500s that are in Stanley’s handwriting display a Shakespearean style and are signed W.S. This could have been an alternate identity in order to protect the family name for the same reasons as de Vere and the initials might have later been expanded to William Shakespeare. One accusation claims that Christopher Marlowe was not killed in a tavern fight in 1593 and a different bodyRead MoreEssay on Changing Gender Roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth2817 Words   |  12 PagesMacbeth with feminine submission while connecting her own to masculine assertion. Encouraging her husband to look like the innocent flower creates a tacit association with the feminine flower metaphor, undermining Macbeths conception of his own moral strength and subordinating his will to hers. Unlike writers such as Dod, Cleaver, and Gouge, Lady Macbeth ignores St. Peters injunction and elects to invoke another biblical precedent. Recalling the image of the serpent, she connects herself not to